![]() Psychotherapy in which the child can speak, draw, play, or write about the stressful event can be done with the child, the family, or a group. Once the diagnosis is made, the first step is to make the child feel safe by getting support from parents, friends, and school, and by minimizing the chance of another traumatic event to the extent possible. Because the event was distressing, children may not want to talk about the event, so a health provider who is highly skilled in talking with children and families may be needed. For a PTSD diagnosis, a specific event must have triggered the symptoms. The first step to treatment is to talk with a healthcare provider to arrange an evaluation. Learn about the guidelines for diagnosing and treating PTSD Serious illness or death of a close family member or friend.Being a victim or witness to violence or crime.Physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment.Read a guide for clinicians on deciding if it is ADHD or child traumatic stress.Įxamples of events that could cause PTSD include Avoiding places or people associated with the eventīecause children who have experienced traumatic stress may seem restless, fidgety, or have trouble paying attention and staying organized, the symptoms of traumatic stress can be confused with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ![]() Denying that the event happened or feeling numb.Constantly looking for possible threats, being easily startled.Becoming very upset when something causes memories of the event.Reliving the event over and over in thought or in play.When children develop long term symptoms (longer than one month) from such stress, which are upsetting or interfere with their relationships and activities, they may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The child could experience this trauma directly or could witness it happening to someone else. However, sometimes children who experience severe stress, such as from an injury, from the death or threatened death of a close family member or friend, or from violence, will be affected long-term. Most of the time, children recover quickly and well. All children may experience very stressful events that affect how they think and feel.
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![]() ![]() Laminate the cards for extra durability.Ĭlick here for FREE printable cards for animal matching and early learning fun. The activity is great for children up to 3 years old. This Montessori inspired activity uses mini wild animals (that you can find at the dollar store for next to nothing) to play a matching game with printable cards. They say that we can absorb more information (in percentage of time) by the time we are 3 years old, then the rest of our years. It is super important to teach our children as much as we can in their early years as it is amazing just how much they can absorb. FREE offers are often time-sensitive and may be limited time only. Download Animal Cam Bingo Cards (link opens in new window). Modern History Activities & NotebookingĪffiliate links may have been used in this post. A mother and her child look at an underwater exhibit with a pinniped (sea lion.Geography Notebooking Research Journals.Free Study Guide and Notetaking Templates.Holiday and Seasonal Writing Prompts for Kids.The Mystery of History Planning & Portfolio Pages.Want access to this free file Join my FREE resource library All you need is the password to get in, which you can get by filling out the form below This is a cute (and free) printable baby shower game. FREE Weather and Natural Disasters Resources This file can be found in my Free Craft Resource Library.These adorable illustrations make the animal flashcards a joy to learn with Teach your child to recognize the picture of 20 different animals. Human Anatomy Freebies & Instant Downloads This set of free animal matching printable flashcards consists of 11 printable pages and three fun ways for the preschooler to learn about their favorite animals 1.I feel very proud as J created the game himself – we haven’t done any matching games with him as he hasn’t had the patience before to play them but creating his own game he’s very eager to play. With T we played it “Mummy has a horse can you find a horse” and I would show her the horse and she would then try to hunt for the horse among the cards. *you will notice on some of the cards I have the same name for the baby animal as the adult as we haven’t got around to the name for those specific baby animal names yet*. For instance, matching a dog with a puppy and a horse with it's foal. ![]() Your students must match up the animal with its baby, as well as using the correct vocabulary when doing so. and then to find the baby animal, foal, lamb, puppy etc…. Choose from two sets of matching cards - some with the names of the animals and their young, and some without. Download Flashcards of Mother & Baby Animals here. Use this as an opportunity to lead into lessons about metamorphosis or start. While some animals can be obvious (the pig and the piglet), some can be a surprise to your first-grade Students (frogs and tadpoles, or butterflies and caterpillars). With J I asked him to find the mummy horse, sheep, dog etc…. This worksheet is great for helping kids learn the differences between adult animals and their babies. We moved away from the table and set up by cards on the floor. He was very proud of his animal cards and asked me to write the animals names on the cards – he then “wrote” over a few with his crayons as he wanted to be like Mummy. Onto each card that I had cut J stuck a single animal. J and I then peeled off the backs of the stickers – he did really well peeling off a few of the stickers but then found it a bit too much of a challenge and handed me each one after telling me what the animal was and the noise it made with “Mummy take off back please”. I started by cutting a couple of pieces of card into small sections (it was very spur of the moment so some of the cards aren’t the same size as others). How we made the where’s my mummy farm animal matching game J practiced his fine motor skills peeling off the back of stickers If you are using pictures you will need some glue What you need to make the where’s my mummy gameĪnimal pictures of a mummy animal and a baby – we used foam stickers Using that he said we could find the mummy and thinking on my feet we cut up some card and had fun sticking the animals on and then we played Where’s my mummy with J and T. He noticed when we were sorting out the stickers for the farm picture that we made that there were 2 different sizes of animal stickers – a mummy and a baby animal. In yesterday’s 30 days to hands on play post about stickers I let on that J had created his own game – this is the first time he has done anything like this and it’s such a proud mummy moment. ![]() ![]() ![]() From the features point of view, Corel VideoStudio Pro has all the basic features a video editing app should offer.3D Animation Software Market Growth Overview and CAGR Status 2023-2031 Unless for professional purposes only, it is rather limiting from that point of view to only edit videos on Corel VideoStudio Pro on the desktop only, making it difficult to transfer and share videos via the program. However, it falters mainly because it is not available on smartphones, where most people take pictures and videos now. What’s the final verdict?Ĭorel VideoStudio Pro is an excellent program for video editing on Windows. Pinnacle Studio is also an alternative to Corel VideoStudio Pro, and while again, the actual video editing features are similar, the one difference between the two is that Pinnacle is a heavier program, and requires 8 GB of storage space, as opposed to the 4 GB required for Corel VideoStudio Pro. Overall though, both programs are more or less the same in their presentations and features. Ultimate and Corel VideoStudio Pro have mostly similar features in their basic versions, though the premium packs have add-ons in Ultimate. How does Corel VideoStudio Pro compare with its competitors?Ĭorel VideoStudio Pro has a few alternatives in programs like Ultimate, Pinnacle Studio, Adobe Premiere, etc. This is rather limiting as many people now take pictures or videos through the phone, and prefer mobile-first technology, as opposed to Corel VideoStudio Pro, which can only be used on the laptop or desktop. What are the negatives of Corel VideoStudio Pro?Ĭorel VideoStudio Pro (32 bit) is currently only compatible with Windows PCs, not even on Apple devices (Mac, iPad), and not on smartphones (iOS, Android). The video can also be burnt to a disk, using Corel VideoStudio Pro. The most popular format to export is Mp4, which is compatible with a number of streaming platforms and social media sites as well. Using the program, one can share directly on YouTube or Vimeo, or export the final project to your device. This helps in collecting video snippets from various angles and dimensions and put them together for a wholesome, professional video viewing experience. One can record their screen and webcam simultaneously, to create videos using the Multi-Cam capture feature, to combine various files and seamlessly stick them together. The capture video option allows you to capture videos from your device and store it for editing. This helps to create a final product that truly looks professional. The video tutorials are also excellent for video editing guidelines, that are missing while editing videos on other programs. The tutorials offer guidance with features, how to edit videos, and tips on how to create a noteworthy final project. With the help of video and written tutorials, using Corel VideoStudio Pro becomes almost intuitive. So, creating videos and projects is faster and more efficient. Video editors often complain of the time it takes for programs to render the final video project, and this version of the program solves that problem as well. You can screen capture using this tool, and this comes in handy while creating demo videos, tutorials, or video presentations.Ĭorel VideoStudio Pro also has incredibly fast render times, for high-quality 4K and HD multi-track projects. One needs to simply create from these options, cutting short the time of creating a video from scratch and shortening the turn around time. Features like FastFlick aid in creating template-based videos, where there are a number of ready templates to choose from. The program provides all the necessary tools that one needs to create quick videos. Key features worth noting in Corel VideoStudio ProĬorel VideoStudio Pro (32 bit) is an easy way to create professional-looking videos. One can create videos from scratch or choose from a number of ready templates. There are a number of customization options, and easy to use interface, and tools that result in high-quality video output. Corel VideoStudio Pro is a video editing application, and provides an environment for editing videos, with a number of tools that enhance the video. ![]() Your victory or loss at the game of chess depends on which side has their King by the end. The King piece is not the strongest it can only move one square at a time, in any direction. The bishops and knights are the middle pieces.įinally, the pawns are the least powerful pieces, but they are the easiest to move. The rooks are one of the stronger pieces. ![]() The Queen is the strongest and the piece with the widest offence and defence range. Number of Each Piece Per SetĮach type of chess piece plays a specific role in the game of chess. The major pieces and the pawn are referred to using their names. When talking about a piece in chess, as in “winning a piece” or “losing a piece,” that generally only refers to the minor pieces – the Bishop or Knight. The pawn is not categorized into minor or major. The minor pieces are the bishops and knights. They are the strongest players and are deemed more important. These apply to both white pieces and black pieces. ![]() There are major pieces and minor pieces in both colours. About The Chess Pieces Different Types of Chess PiecesĬhess is played on an 8×8 board with 64 squares that come in dark squares and light squares in a checkered pattern. We will also learn fun facts about the pieces on the way. In this post, we will learn about the names and functions of each piece of the chess board. After all, you need to know how to use them to be able to play. The first step to learning or even mastering chess is knowing the names and functions of each piece. Different Types Of Chess Pieces And Their Functions ![]() Fierce-Looking Dragonĭragon coloring sheets often show the traditional picture of a dragon. Stories about dragons often have moral lessons which are perfect for older kids.įun Fact: Many fantasy books like Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter contain dragons. It involves a boy and his bond with a dragon. Eragon by Christopher Paolini is a popular coming-of-age story. Patterned Dragonĭragon coloring pages are perfect for rainy days and fun storytime. People believed a rain-bringing dragon used to live there. The popularity of the Japanese anime series Dragon Ball Z proves that.įun Fact: Longjing (Dragon Well) tea comes from the Hangzhou region. In China, dragons symbolize spring and are often used in rain ceremonies.ĭragons are not just for young kids. In fact, they look more like snakes than dragons from other cultures. They are often shown without wings and fire. Dragon with Koi Fishĭragons in Eastern cultures were kind and wise rather than terrifying. Vikings even carved dragon heads on the front of their ships and called these ships “Drakkar.”įun Fact: Dragons were often used on shields and war banners. Realistic dragon coloring pages can encourage interesting discussions about myths and legends.ĭragons symbolize power and strength. So adding a coloring page is a fun way to incorporate creativity in history lessons.įun Fact: The word ‘dragon’ comes from the Greek word drakōn, which they used to describe large serpents. Many cultures and time periods contain dragons. Coloring helps calm the brain and relax the body. Intricate dragon coloring pages are perfect for older kids. They are as fascinating for older children and adults as they are for young kids.ĭownload all Realistic Dragon Coloring Pages 7. The mystery of dragons only adds to their appeal. Realistic Dragon Coloring Pages for Older Kids For example, you can discuss whether a dragon egg would be hard like an ostrich egg or if it would be soft like a snake egg.įun Fact: A baby dragon is called a dragonet. In many stories, dragon eggs were valuable, and they guarded them carefully.įree coloring pages like this one are a fun addition when learning about reptiles that also lay eggs. Baby Dragonĭragons hatched from eggs like birds. Kids can compare and contrast dragons with lizards and snakes.įun Fact: Ancient dinosaur bones may have led people to believe in dragons. They are a great option when looking at modern-day reptiles. You can also use printable dragon coloring pages to discuss color and texture. Dragon With a Smileĭragon coloring pages open the way for discussing history, mythology, cultures, and storytelling. The best part about fairytale creatures is that they are open to interpretation.įun Fact: Many parents used dragons to stop their kids from wandering too far from home. This sweet little dragon looks excited about munching on a crunchy apple. So what not try this free printable dragon coloring page of a fruit-eating dragon? ![]() Cute Dragonĭragons, like some dinosaurs, were meat eaters with big, sharp teeth. Instead dropped out of trees onto people’s heads. Instead, this friendly, flying, flame-puffing dragon coloring page is a much better bet.įun Fact: In early stories, dragons didn’t have wings. Now, there is no need to scare young kids with that image. But also because the mouth of hell was often shown as the fiery mouth of a monster. Many people believed dragons breathed fire. This dragon has a body like a crocodile, while its neck has a snake-like look.įun Fact: In many stories, dragons lay eggs in a nest like a bird. Dragon images like this one can help kids make that comparison. People often compare dragons to dinosaurs and snakes. Like this dragon coloring page, many dragons got around like other reptiles. Dragon With No WingsĪlthough some dragons had wings and could fly, that was only sometimes the case. You could also turn this picture into color by numbers to help with literacy concepts.įun Fact: In stories and legends, dragons often lived in caves. The large shapes allow young kids to practice their fine motor skills. Cute dragon coloring pages can teach children about dragons in a more approachable way. Friendly Dragonĭragons throughout history have had long legs, long tails, wings, and even horns. But cartoon dragon coloring pages can make them less frightening.ĭownload all Easy Dragon Coloring Pages 1. Easy Dragon Coloring Pages for Younger Kidsĭragons are often seen as fierce creatures. But more than that, they spark curiosity and imagination. Myths and legends are a fantastic way for kids to learn about storytelling and cultures. In our case, they inspired coloring pages for kids. The image of a dragon soaring through the sky, blowing fire, has inspired songs and stories. The dragon is a legendary creature that has captivated the imaginations of many. ![]() When all trial versions shows activated, Click and complete the installation.ĭownload Individual effects packs from here.simply enter keys from “Ask Me (Ask4pc).txt” one by one ,Īnd click after entering key every time. ![]()
![]() One of my brother’s favorite dishes, and basically the only thing he ate growing up (besides my Nana’s Sunday Gravy) was mac and cheese from the blue box. ![]() This is just plain and simple ( and the BEST) Instant Pot Mac and Cheese. They won’t be able to pick out any crazy flavorings going here and they’re going to love it. I figure that a lot of you may be cooking this dish for your kids.I wanted the flavors of those amazing cheeses to shine through – You can really taste the delicious cheddar and the parmesan in this dish.The flavor is really subtle and I made it that way for a couple reasons: Other than that, I kept the seasonings really simple… I added in a couple teaspoons of yellow mustard (we all have some of that sitting in the refrigerator door, right?) and some nutmeg. I love how it blends right in and thickens this Instant Pot Mac and Cheese to the perfect consistency, along with the medium cheddar and parmesan cheese that lend the perfect tangy, cheesy flavor.Evaporated milk is essentially thickened milk, which means there’s less liquid in your dish and instead it’s just really, really creamy. I’m using a secret ingredient in this recipe – evaporated milk.□□ Why is this the BEST Instant Pot Macaroni and Cheese? This is the most perfect mac n’ cheese ever. I’m just going to throw the statement out there … This is a great recipe for first time instant pot users since it’s super simple and easy! This mac n’ cheese cooks up even easier and in less time than the boxed version. I even use it to reheat leftovers, since we don’t have a microwave.īut, my excitement reached a new level when I found out that I could make Instant Pot Mac and Cheese in under 15 minutes from start to finish!.I use it to make quinoa (I love how the process is so hands off!).I use it to make bone broth (much quicker than my previous slow cooker bone broth).I’m obsessed with my Instant Pot… I can honestly say that I use it at least a few times a week. ![]() Please fill out the CAPTCHA below and then click the button to indicate that you agree to these terms. If you wish to be unblocked, you must agree that you will take immediate steps to rectify this issue. If you do not understand what is causing this behavior, please contact us here. If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we'll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior. Overusing our search engine with a very large number of searches in a very short amount of time.Using a badly configured (or badly written) browser add-on for blocking content.Running a "scraper" or "downloader" program that either does not identify itself or uses fake headers to elude detection.Using a script or add-on that scans GameFAQs for box and screen images (such as an emulator front-end), while overloading our search engine.There is no official GameFAQs app, and we do not support nor have any contact with the makers of these unofficial apps. Continued use of these apps may cause your IP to be blocked indefinitely. This triggers our anti-spambot measures, which are designed to stop automated systems from flooding the site with traffic. Some unofficial phone apps appear to be using GameFAQs as a back-end, but they do not behave like a real web browser does.Using GameFAQs regularly with these browsers can cause temporary and even permanent IP blocks due to these additional requests. If you are using the Brave browser, or have installed the Ghostery add-on, these programs send extra traffic to our servers for every page on the site that you browse, then send that data back to a third party, essentially spying on your browsing habits.We strongly recommend you stop using this browser until this problem is corrected. The latest version of the Opera browser sends multiple invalid requests to our servers for every page you visit.The most common causes of this issue are: TIP:when you go to the control chooses you can choose what control you want to activate the wine or other held objects.(one drink of wine restores your health when it is at 45.One more thing if you don't use the wine during this level it will not be useable in any other levels.Your IP address has been temporarily blocked due to a large number of HTTP requests. Now go to the left end of the room the wall should be open then you can shoot out the glass and get the wine(3). Go in between them and press the action button and one of the bricks in the wall should cave in. When you look you will see the first two big barrels. After it explodes run in and wipe out the survivors. When you get to the wine cellar throw a German Grenade inside the cellar. Only able to use this code in first level. BUT IF YOU DON'T KILL THE DRUNK NAZI SUCCESSFULLY ALL HELL WILL BRAKE LOOSE. (IT'S EASIER TO CROUCH) IF YOU SUCCESSFULLY STAB HIM YOU SNEAK UPSTAIRS PULL OUT YOU SNIPER RIFLE AND GO TO TOWN. YOU WILL HAVE TO SNEAK UP BEHIND HIM AND STAB HIM. When the Solider dies, be careful of the regular Nazi Soldiers.ĪFTER YOU GET TO KESSLER'S HOUSE AND HE SENDS YOU THROUGH THE SECRET BOOKCASE ENTRANCE YOU WILL END UP IN THE WINE CELLAR. Then get a good angle and start shooting at the Uber Soldat until it's dead. You can hide there because the Super Solider won't go that far to find you. ![]() When you need to reload or need help, jump off the second floor thing onto the first with the Super Solider and go right where there is a table with health. ![]() Use any sniper rifle and just keep shooting at the solider. To beat the Uber Soldat, don't use the Venom machine gun, it is not very effective. toggle cg_drawteamoverlay - Team overlay toggled toggle r_fullscreen - Toggles windowed and fullscreen and restarts ![]() Put in one of the following cheats (Note it has been reported you may need to load a save game to get these cheats to work) Now put +set sv_cheats 1 in the 'target' box and click OK). Start the game with the +set sv_cheats 1 command parameter (Make a desktop shortcut to the game then right click on the shortcut and pick properties. I beat it like 20 times since X-mas thanks to cheats. Have a good time trying to beat the game. After the cut scenes you save the game at the start of the level.Ħ. You know did the stuff in the Target line in the short cut.Ģ. Here is an alternate to try if they're not working for you.ġ. Some people have experienced problems activating the cheats. For example, to change your name to "AmericaTheBeautiful" in red, white, and blue, enter /name ^1America^7The^4Beautiful.ĭO NOT CHEAT BEFORE FOREST LEVEL. The objective of Hearts is to get as few points as possible. There are many variations possible, but I use the basic ones from Wikipedia. All other cards in the deck have no value - an ideal hand in a Hearts game has zero points. Multiplayer Advertisement Hearts Rules Prefer learning by video Click here. In the game of Hearts, there is no trump suit. As you play, watch out for 'penalty' or 'point' cards - Hearts are worth 1 point and the Queen of Spades is worth 13 points. One important thing to remember about the Hearts game is that the player with the lowest score wins. This free Hearts game online can be played any time and features three computer opponents who will keep you on your toes and provide you with the best playing experience whenever and wherever you are. Whatever your level - from beginner, intermediate, to advanced, Hearts will put your skills to the test. However, for more seasoned players, Arkadium’s Hearts game has endless potential for strengthening your strategy and discovering new ways to win. Played with a standard deck of 52 cards, Hearts is a game that's easy to pick up for the casual player. This no-trump game likely originated from Reversis, an old trick-taking card game that was popular in Spain and France in the 17th and 18th centuries. Will you 'shoot the moon' in this free online version of the popular trick-taking game Hearts? Sharpen your strategy in this classic evasion-type card game where the player with the fewest points wins. The Hearts game ends when the first player reaches 100 points - the player with the lowest score is the winner. If you manage to take every single penalty card (13 Hearts and the Queen of Spades), then you can "Shoot the Moon." Instead of receiving the 26 points, you get away scot-free with 0 points while all your opponents suffer the 26 points as a result of you collecting the full set of penalty cards. BUT there's one instance where taking penalty cards is good. ![]() You don't want to take any penalty cards. If a player's hand only contains Hearts and Hearts haven't been broken yet, then they must pass the lead to the next player to the left and try to find a better hand for their next turn.Īs you may recall, the goal of the Hearts game is to have the fewest points - the lower the score, the better. When this happens, it means that "Hearts are broken." It's important to note that a player cannot lead with a Heart until Hearts have been broken. The highest card of the leading suit wins the trick, and that player then gets to lead the next trick.Īfter the first trick, if a player is unable to follow the suit of the leading card, they can put down a Heart instead. You are not permitted to play a penalty card on the first trick. If you're unable to follow the suit of the leading card, you can play any card that isn't a Heart or the Queen of Spades. All other players within the game are to play a card of the same suit if they can. ![]() Each Hearts player is given 13 cards and the player that has been dealt the 2 of clubs will make the begining lead. In this example, it means you would play a club card. Hone your Heart playing prowess with Easy Hearts This online version of Hearts is played with 4 players and uses a 52 card pack. In this example, if a 2 of Clubs is placed on the table by your opponent, you must "follow suit." This means that you must play a card of the same suit if you have it in your hand. ![]() On the first trick and every subsequent trick, you must follow the suit of the leading card with each action. The player holding the 2 of Clubs will place the card face-up on the table. In the first round, after the cards are dealt, select three cards and pass them face-down to your opponent on the left. Cards must be placed in the foundations from Ace all the way through King.As you learn how to play the game of Hearts, remember that the deal and the play are all done clockwise. A single round in Pinochle consists of 6. note that unlike standard card games in Pinochle the tens are a high card, and will outrank the kings, queens, and jacks in trick taking. ![]() The cards have two copies of each card rank and suit of ace (high), tens, king, queen, jack, and nines (low). The stock card pile will deal solitaire players only one card at a time though players are allowed unlimited passes through the deck! You will have won Klondike Solitaire when all of the cards have been added to the four foundations. Pinochle is played with 4 players and a deck of 48 cards. Players of Klondike Solitaire can click on their reserve cards at the top left hand of the solitaire board for more card options. Play Klondike Solitaire by making stacks of cards, stacks will cascade towards the bottom of the solitaire board and are to be comprised of red, black, red, black, red, black cards. Play One Card Klondike Solitaire as often as you like and always be improving your Klondike Solitaire skills! Keep track of your ever increasing solitaire accomplishments online as 247 will automatically record your high score! Welcome to 247, a smorgasbord of all things Klondike Solitaire! Stimulating and best of all free(!) 24/7 Games Klondike Solitaire games are always available for your playing pleasure. ![]() In more severe cases, fractures can occur to any of the cervical vertebrae as they are suddenly compressed by rapid deceleration. In minor cases, the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine is damaged which is acutely painful for the patient. Hyperextension (Whiplash) InjuryĪ rear-end traffic collision or a poorly performed rugby tackle can both result in the head being whipped back on the shoulders, causing whiplash. However, there may be damage further down the vertebral column. Since the vertebral foramen is large, it is unlikely that there will be damage to the spinal cord at the C1 level. If the fall occurs with enough force, the transverse ligament of the atlas may also be ruptured. This causes them to be driven apart, fracturing one or both anterior/posterior arches. diving into excessively shallow water can compress the lateral masses of the atlas between the occipital condyles and the axis. nodding.Ĭlinical Relevance: Injuries to the Cervical Spine Jefferson Fracture of the AtlasĪ vertical fall onto an extended neck e.g. These are condyloid type synovial joints, and permit flexion at the head i.e. They occur between then superior facets of the lateral masses of the atlas and the occipital condyles at the base of the cranium. The atlanto-occipital joints consist of an articulation between the spine and the cranium. ![]() Medial atlanto-axial joint – formed by the articulation of the dens of C2 with the articular facet of C1.Lateral atlanto-axial joints (x2) – formed by the articulation between the inferior facets of the lateral masses of C1 and the superior facets of C2.The atlanto-axial joints are formed by the articulation between the atlas and the axis: There are two joints unique to the cervical spine – the atlanto-axial (x3) and atlanto-occipital joints (x2). Between vertebral arches – formed by the articulation of superior and inferior articular processes from adjacent vertebrae.This is a type of cartilaginous joint, known as a symphysis. Between vertebral bodies – adjacent vertebral bodies are joined by intervertebral discs, made of fibrocartilage.There are two different joints present throughout the vertebral column: The joints of the cervical spine can be divided into two groups – those that are present throughout the vertebral column, and those unique to the cervical spine. The axis also contains superior articular facets, which articulate with the inferior articular facets of the atlas to form the two lateral atlanto-axial joints. This allows for rotation of the head independently of the torso. ![]() The dens articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas, in doing so creating the medial atlanto-axial joint. The axis (C2) is easily identifiable due to its dens (odontoid process) which extends superiorly from the anterior portion of the vertebra. The posterior arch has a groove for the vertebral artery and C1 spinal nerve. This is secured by the transverse ligament of the atlas – which attaches to the lateral masses. The anterior arch contains a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis. Instead, the atlas has lateral masses which are connected by an anterior and posterior arch. Each lateral mass contains a superior articular facet (for articulation with occipital condyles), and an inferior articular facet (for articulation with C2). It differs from the other cervical vertebrae in that it has no vertebral body and no spinous process. The atlas is the first cervical vertebra and articulates with the occiput of the head and the axis (C2). The atlas and axis have additional features that mark them apart from the other cervical vertebrae. Fig 2 – Characteristic features of a cervical vertebrae Atlas and Axis |
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